What happened?
The Emancipation Proclamation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, proclaimed the slaves in Confederate-controlled areas free. Emancipation happened without compensation to the former owners as they fled to Union lines or federal forces—including now-freed slaves—advanced south. The Union army finally entered Confederate territories in Texas.
Penal labor exemption
The prohibition of forced labor in the Thirteenth Amendment does not apply to penal labor. This causes inmates who have been convicted of a crime (rather than those who are awaiting trial) to be forced to work or face imprisonment while incarcerated. There are few records of the committee's deliberations during the drafting of the Thirteenth Amendment, and the controversy that ensued in Congress and elsewhere is largely unknown.There was almost no debate of this clause in the Senate or in state legislatures. It was obviously noncontroversial at the time, or lawmakers didn't give it much thought. The wording of the amendment was inspired by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which has a similar exception.
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